Germany Betting Sites
Below, you can find our expert reviews of reputable and regulated sports betting sites operating in Germany. Each betting site has been thoroughly tested and verified by our team.
Germany is known for its outstanding performance in numerous sports, so it is only natural that Germans are keen on placing sports bets. Although the country has imposed legal restrictions on online gambling, many bettors have continued to use online sportsbooks.
Germany is a member of the European Union, but online gambling laws are determined at the national level. The country is therefore responsible for establishing its own regulations for online casino gaming and sports betting. As Germany has many gambling and betting enthusiasts, unlicensed operators have also entered the market despite local restrictions. In practice, German bettors have continued to place real-money bets online.
German Sports Betting Sites Ranked by Trustpilot Rating
| Sportsbook | Reviews | Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Betano | 302 | 4.4 ⭐ |
| NEO.bet | 436 | 4.2 ⭐ |
| 22Bet | 2,625 | 3.9 ⭐ |
| 20Bet | 1,000 | 3.6 ⭐ |
| Guts | 59 | 2.0 ⭐ |
| Betsafe | 266 | 1.4 ⭐ |
| Betway | 17,782 | 1.3 ⭐ |
| bet365 | 5,918 | 1.3 ⭐ |
| Betsson | 205 | 1.3 ⭐ |
| 888sport | 2,464 | 1.1 ⭐ |
Comparison of Sports Betting Sites in Germany
| Sportsbook | Sports on Offer | Min Deposit | Min Withdrawal | Min Bet | Bonuses | Bonus Wagering Requirements | In-Play Betting | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betway | Football, Horse Racing, Golf, Basketball, Tennis, and 25+ other sports | $/€10 | $/€10 | $/€0.10 |
|
| Yes |
|
| bet365 | Football, Tennis, Speedway, Table Tennis, and 40+ other sports | $/€5-10 | $/€5-10 | $/€0.10 | Open Account Offer | Open an account with bet365 today and bet on a huge range of markets with the world’s favourite online sports betting brand. | Yes |
|
| 888sport | Football, Horse Racing, Tennis, American Football, and 20+ other sports | $/€10 | $/€10 | $/€0.10 | Deposit and bet €10 and get €30 in Free Bets on First Bet |
| Yes |
|
| Betano | Football, Soccer, Golf, Formula 1, Cricket, and 25 other sports | $10 ($5 with Apple Pay and Paysafecard) | $10 | $0.50 | • Canada: 100% up to $500 • UK: Bet £10, Get 5 free bets of £10 each • Bulgaria: 100% up to 300 BGN | • Welcome Bonus Canada: 5x wagering, Skrill and Neteller deposits excluded, expires after 30 days • Welcome Bonus UK: Bet £10 at odds of 1/1 or higher, no wagering requirements on free bets, expires after 7 days • Welcome Bonus Bulgaria: 7x wagering (bonus and deposit); minimum odds of 1.50; expires after 30 days | Yes | UK Gambling Commission Alcohol and Gaming Malta Gaming Authority Danish Gambling Authority (DGA) Gemeinsame Glücksspielbehörde der Länder (GGL) Gambling Regulation and Inspection Service (017) Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic |
| 22Bet | Football, Tennis, Basketball, Ice Hockey, Volleyball, and over 40 other sports | • $10 for MiFinity; • 0.001 BTC for Bitcoin; • $11.64 for most other methods | Depends on payment provider | $0.30/€0.20 | • 100% Welcome Bonus up to $/€122 | • 5x bonus funds on accumulator bets (Welcome Bonus) | Yes | Kahnawake Gaming Commission (#00882); Curacao Gaming Authority (OGL/2024/590/0758) |
| 20Bet | Football, Tennis, Basketball, Table Tennis, Ice Hockey, and 30+ other sports | • $21 - Bitcoin; • $10 - Other Methods | $/€10 | $/€0.10 | • 100% Welcome Bonus up to $/€100 | • 5x bonus amount on accumulator bets at odds of 2.0 or higher (Welcome Bonus) | Yes | Curaçao Gaming Authority (OGL/2024/590/0758) |
| Guts | Football, Tennis, Basketball, Table Tennis, and 30+ other sports | €10 | €20 | €0,50 | Sports Welcome Bonus Get 100% up to €100 | Minimum deposit – €10; Bonus validity – 30 days after registration; €100 – maximum bonus amount; WR 8x (bonus amout); Minimum odds – 1.80 | Yes | The Malta Gaming Authority (MGA/CRP/108/2004-05) |
| NEO.bet | Football, Basketball, American Football, Tennis, and 10+ other sports | $/€10 | $/€20 | $/€1 | Regularly updated promotions | N/A | Yes | |
| Betsafe | Football, Tennis, Basketball, American Football, and 30+ other sports | $/€10 | $/€10 | $/€0.10 | * Welcome Offer 100% up to €100 + €15 Free Bets | * 8x WR on deposit on odds of 1.50 or greater within 30 days; 1x WR on free bet on odds of 1.50 (Welcome Offer) | Yes |
|
| Betsson | Cricket, Baseball,Basketball, Soccer, and 30 other sports | $/€10 | $/€20 | €0.10 | Welcome Package: €100 Bonus Daily Acca Insurance: €15 cashback, up to 3 times a day (€45 in total) | Welcome Package: 8x the bonus (odds of 1.80), 1x the net win for free bets at min (odds of 1.50) No WR on Acca Insurance | Yes |
|
Top 9 Betting Sites for Germany
Betway
Bet Now ReviewLicenses- UKGC (#000-039372-R-319367)
- MGA (#MGA/B2C/130/2006)
- GGL (#RPDA-Dez. III. 34-73c 38.01/8-2019/13)
- Western Cape Gambling and Racing Board (#10181496-010)
- The Irish Revenue Commissioners (1010156)
- Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO)
- Alderney Gambling Contorl Commission (AGCC)
Min Deposit$/€10Min Withdrawal$/€10Withdrawal Time• E-wallets - up to 24 hours • Debit cards and bank transfers - 2 business daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsArsenal FC, Chelsea FC, Manchester City FC, Brighton & Hove Albion FC, Atletico Madrid FCContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes; Email: support@betway.com; Phone: varies according to country- Wide selection of banking methods
- The betslip clearly displays all necessary bet and stake information
- Live streaming is available during ongoing Serie A matches
- Early cash-out option
- Dedicated racebook
- Competitive odds
A sportsbook with Maltese roots, Betway is a global bookmaker licensed to operate in numerous jurisdictions, including Britain, Mexico, and Germany, among others. Betway is regulated by several trusted authorities, allowing bettors to use the platform with confidence. User data is protected through SSL encryption, while two-factor authentication adds another layer of security to customer accounts.
The bookmaker’s betting platform is simple to use, and bettors can find sports such as association football, cycling, boxing, hockey, basketball, and many others in its catalog. Wagers can be placed both before a game starts and while it is underway.
bet365
Visit ReviewLicenses- UKGC (#055148-R-331498-001)
- MGA (#MGA/CRP/531/2018)
- Government of Gibraltar (#076)
- Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO) +10 jurisdictions (including US states)
- Kansspelautoriteit (1690)
Min Deposit$/€5-10Min Withdrawal$/€5-10Withdrawal TimeCards, E-wallets, Paysafecard: 1-4 hours; Apple Pay: instant; Wire Transfer: 1-2 banking daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsUEFA Champions LeagueContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes; Email: support.eng@customerservices365.com; Phone: 00 800 1236 5365- Wide selection of deposit methods
- Licensed by the UKGC
- Live betting available
- Customer support available around the clock
- Dedicated smartphone application
- Competitive odds
bet365 has become almost synonymous with online sports betting because of its immense popularity among bettors. It offers one of the most impressive market libraries on the web, allowing customers to wager on ice hockey, baseball, soccer, MMA, and many other sports.
If you place a bet and later feel that the outcome may not go your way, you can use bet365’s cash-out feature. When available, this option lets you settle your bet before the event concludes. It can secure a portion of your potential winnings or reduce the impact of a losing wager.
888sport
Bet Now ReviewLicenses- UKGC (#039028-R-319297-012)
- MGA (#MGA/CRP/543/2018)
- Government of Gibraltar (#112 and #113)
- Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO)
Min Deposit$/€10Min Withdrawal$/€10Withdrawal Time• Visa and Apple Pay: up to 6 days • E-wallets and Rapid Transfer: 2-3 days • Wire transfer: 5-8 daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsNational Football League (NFL), Dundalk Football Club, Cardiff City FCContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes; Email: support@888sport.com; Phone: N/A- Available in multiple languages, including English, German, and French
- Regulated by reputable authorities such as the UK Gambling Commission and the MGA
- Live streaming
- Compatible with mobile devices
- Free bet calculator
- Early cash-out option
888sport’s recognizable graphic design helps it stand out from other bookmakers, but the site’s strengths extend beyond its appearance. Its betting platform is highly functional, offering 1×2, totals, props, and numerous other markets. When you select multiple bets, 888sport allows you to keep them as single wagers or combine them into accumulators or system bets.
Bettors who enjoy accumulators but want to combine same-game selections will be pleased to learn that 888sport makes this possible. The feature allows customers to build a custom wager using selections from a single match.
Betano
LicensesUK Gambling Commission (039576-R-319370-022)Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO)Malta Gaming Authority (MGA/CRP/152/2007)Danish Gambling Authority (DGA)Gemeinsame Glücksspielbehörde der Länder (GGL)Gambling Regulation and Inspection Service (017)Ministry of Finance of the Czech RepublicMin Deposit$10 ($5 with Apple Pay and Paysafecard)Min Withdrawal$10Withdrawal Time• Cards - 2 to 5 days; • E-wallets - within the same day; • Interac - 30 minutes; • Apple Pay, Google Pay - 1 to 4 daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsUEFA Europa League, UEFA Conference League, Flamengo Rowing Club, Aston Villa, FC Bayern Munich, River Plate, Sporting CP, SL Benfica, Porto FC, Brondby, AC Sparta Prague, FCSB, Copa Americana, Copa Betano Do Brazil, Brasileirao Betano, Torneo Betano Apertura, Torneo Betano ClausuraContact DetailsLive Chat: YesEmail: help@betano.co.ukPhone: +44 7360 539790- Fast account verification
- Dedicated apps for Android and iOS devices
- Bettors can contact support via live chat, callback, or email
- In-play betting
- Live streaming
- Well-presented match statistics
Betano offers a wide range of sports, including association football, cycling, tennis, volleyball, and handball. Its selection of betting markets is equally varied, with double chance, both teams to score, 1×2, and totals among the available options.
In addition to its variety of betting options, Betano provides tools that support responsible gambling. These include deposit limits, which allow bettors to control how much money they can add to their accounts. Loss limits are also available.
22Bet
Min Deposit• $10 for MiFinity; • 0.001 BTC for Bitcoin; • $11.64 for most other methodsMin WithdrawalDepends on payment providerWithdrawal Time• Cryptocurrencies - 24 hours • E-wallets - 15 minutes • Credit and debit cards - up to 7 business daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsN/AContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes email: support-en@22bet.com Phone: +357 99 816806- Quick registration and account verification
- Hong Kong, Indonesian, and Malaysian odds available
- Excellent market variety
- Numerous deposit methods
- Dedicated apps for Android and iOS devices
- Live streaming
Getting started at 22Bet is straightforward. The bookmaker’s registration process is streamlined, and account verification is generally quick. Bettors can deposit through a wide range of payment methods, including Mastercard, Visa, AstroPay, Skrill, Jeton Wallet, and Neteller. Cryptocurrency users are also supported, with Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, and other options available for deposits and withdrawals.
Once you are ready to wager, you will find that 22Bet covers numerous sports. Soccer, tennis, and esports feature prominently on the bookmaker’s platform, and customers can also place bets on events that are already underway.
20Bet
Min Deposit• $21 - Bitcoin; • $10 - Other MethodsMin Withdrawal$/€10Withdrawal Time• E-wallets - 12 hours • Cryptos - 24 hours • Credit/debit cards - 7 business daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsN/AContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes email: support@20bet.com Phone: N/A- Compatible with smartphones
- Live betting available
- Excellent variety of sports, including ice hockey, cycling, darts, and soccer
- Fast verification process
- Customer support available through live chat
- Convenient betslip
Variety is one of 20Bet’s strengths. The bookmaker offers an impressive selection of sports, including soccer, handball, rugby, MMA, and volleyball. Bettors can also choose from six odds formats: fractional, decimal, American, Malaysian, Hong Kong, and Indonesian.
Customers who need help can contact the sportsbook’s customer support representatives around the clock, seven days a week. Live chat is always available, while bettors can also send an email to the 20Bet support team.
NEO.bet
LicensesMGA (MGA/B2C/418/2017)Min Deposit$/€10Min Withdrawal$/€20Withdrawal Time* Bank Cards - 1-3 days* E-wallets - 1-3 daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsSV Werder Breme, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, SV Darmstadt 98, PDC Europe, Rot-Weiss EssenContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes Email: support@neo.bet Phone: N/A- Standalone apps for Android and iOS devices
- Bettors can contact support via live chat, email, or callback
- Accessible statistics
- Live streaming
- Streamlined registration process
- Numerous bet types
NEO.bet covers major sports leagues such as the English Premier League in association football, the NBA in basketball, and the NFL in American football.
NEO.bet also offers a useful selection of betting tools. The auto cash-out feature allows you to set win and stop limits. Once your bet reaches one of these thresholds, it settles automatically. Another useful tool is partial cash-out, which allows you to cash out a portion of your stake while the remainder stays active until the event ends.
Betsafe
ReviewLicenses- MGA (MGA/CRP/108/2004, MGA/B2C/959/2022)
- Swedish Gambling Authority (SGA)
- Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO)
Min Deposit$/€10Min Withdrawal$/€10Withdrawal Time* Bank cards - up to 5 business days; E-wallets - up to 24 hours; Bank Transfer - up to 5 business daysDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsN/AContact DetailsLive Chat: Yes; Email: support-en@betsafe.com; Phone: +44 808 238 0028- Available in numerous languages
- Licensed by the MGA
- Live betting available
- Well-organized layout
- 24/7 customer support
- Live streaming
Betsafe is available in a variety of languages, including English, Finnish, Estonian, Spanish, and Polish. The bookmaker has a dedicated in-play section for bettors who enjoy wagering during events. Available markets include 1×2, team to score the next goal, totals, BTTS, props, and more.
Many of the live events covered by Betsafe support the cash-out feature. This tool allows you to settle your bet before the event’s outcome is known. If you need assistance with cash-out or anything else, Betsafe’s customer support team is available around the clock.
Betsson
ReviewLicenses- Malta Gaming Authority (MGA/CRP/108/2004)
- Swedish Gambling Authority (SGA)
- Danish Gambling Authority (DGA)
Min Deposit$/€10Min Withdrawal$/€20Withdrawal TimeBank Transfer: 2 to7 days; Cards: 2 to 5 days; E-Wallets: Up to 24 hoursDeposit MethodsSponsorshipsAtletico Nacional, Inter Milan, Club Atlético Boca Juniors, Racing Club de AvellanedaContact DetailsLive Chat: YesEmail: support-en@betsson.comPhone: +356 2260 3300- Customer support available via live chat, email, or phone
- Regulated by the MGA
- Available in numerous languages, including Greek, English, Norwegian, Italian, and Spanish
- Dedicated racebook
- Numerous banking options
- Coverage of many soccer leagues, including the UEFA Champions League, French Ligue 1, and the Bundesliga
Betsson gives bettors an extensive selection of sports. Popular options such as soccer, volleyball, and basketball are available alongside less common sports such as padel and pesäpallo. Bettors can also wager on election outcomes and TV events.
Customers who wager on live events can follow the action through Betsson’s live-streaming feature. The bookmaker also provides a versatile betslip that supports single wagers, accumulators, and system bets.
While many bettors use foreign sites to enjoy sports betting, there are also reputable local sportsbooks where German bettors can place various wagers. These include Tipico and Bet3000, which, in addition to serving international bettors through their websites, provide sportsbooks specifically intended for customers based in Germany. An interesting aspect of these bookmakers is that they are licensed by the Malta Gaming Authority.
Despite the legal uncertainty surrounding online gambling in the country, German bettors continue to enjoy a broad online betting experience. Both international and local sportsbooks offer promotions and numerous betting markets covering sports that are popular in Germany.
Legality and Regulation of Sports Betting in Germany
When discussing the situation in Germany, we will primarily use the term “games of chance” rather than “gaming” or “gambling.” According to the Interstate Treaty on Gambling, an activity is considered a game of chance when an individual is offered an opportunity to win in return for wagering money and the outcome depends mainly on luck.
In 2012, Germany introduced a licensing process for sports betting, but the program was found to be unlawful, and no licenses were issued under it. In 2016, the German states also attempted to introduce a new Amendment Treaty. Under the proposed changes, 35 operators were expected to receive licenses at the beginning of 2018. However, the Amendment Treaty did not pass because Schleswig-Holstein, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Hesse did not approve the changes.
Key Sports Betting Laws
In 2008, the Interstate Treaty was implemented by 15 of Germany’s 16 states. In its original form, the Interstate Treaty did not permit operators to promote or offer any form of online gambling. Horse racing was the only exception, leaving German bettors with almost no legal options for online betting. The law also affected international sportsbooks that accepted German bettors, as these foreign operators faced sanctions. German banks were likewise prohibited from processing transactions to or from betting and casino sites.
Because Germans account for a significant share of betting enthusiasts, the strict policy imposed by the Interstate Treaty faced considerable opposition. Despite online betting being illegal, many Germans found ways to wager at foreign sportsbooks, making them an important customer segment for numerous international bookmakers.
In 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the Interstate Treaty was not consistent with European law. The court maintained that Germany should revise the treaty because it conflicted with the EU principle of freedom to provide services.
In 2012, the Interstate Treaty was amended to introduce more liberal regulation of sports betting in Germany. The following year, Schleswig-Holstein decided to regulate gambling independently of the other German states. Unlike the Interstate Treaty, the Gaming Act of Schleswig-Holstein allowed private sportsbooks and online casinos to obtain licenses. However, a change in government led the state to adopt the Interstate Treaty, after which it stopped issuing new licenses.
The licenses held by sportsbook operators in Schleswig-Holstein were due to expire at the beginning of 2019 or earlier. Nevertheless, the state decided to issue temporary licenses allowing sportsbooks to continue operating until new valid licenses were granted.
Although a licensing program was introduced in 2012, no sportsbooks obtained a license under the Interstate Treaty. This was because German and European courts declared that the licensing program violated transparency and non-discrimination principles.
Horse racing is regulated by federal law in Germany. Hesse was initially responsible for issuing sports betting licenses, but this duty was later transferred to the Council of Darmstadt, which also issues horse-racing licenses.
Despite the restrictions imposed by the Interstate Treaty, many bettors continue to use international sportsbooks and wager on numerous sports and horse races.
Sports Event Coverage and Betting Markets in Germany
At German-friendly sportsbooks, the most popular betting markets are those offering odds on football. As in many other European countries, football is hugely popular in Germany. The Bundesliga is the country’s national football league, and German bettors enjoy wagering on matches from this competition and other major leagues. The national football team has participated in every FIFA World Cup and has won the tournament four times, making the World Cup another major event for German bettors.
Tennis is another major sport that attracts numerous German bettors. This is not surprising, considering Germany’s high standing among European tennis nations. With strong local support for the sport, many bettors search for competitive odds on major tennis events.
Ice hockey also has a substantial fan base in Germany. The sport’s popularity has led many cities to establish their own teams in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. German bettors enjoy sportsbooks that offer odds on ice hockey games from this league and other major competitions. Germany’s victory over eight-time champion Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics further increased interest in the sport.
Motorsports are another popular betting choice among German bettors. Germany is renowned for producing some of the best cars in the world, which contributes to the popularity of motorsports. German bettors regularly wager on major events such as Formula 1, while the achievements of German drivers Sebastian Vettel and Michael Schumacher have generated even greater interest.
Basketball also ranks highly among German betting preferences. The sport’s popularity grew thanks to German stars Detlef Schrempf and Dirk Nowitzki, who helped generate nationwide interest. In addition to NBA games, Germans enjoy betting on their favorite Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) teams.
Popular Odds Format in Germany
Generally, sportsbooks around the world use three main odds formats. It is difficult to identify one format as the easiest to understand because preferences vary by country.
The first commonly used format is decimal odds. Some bettors also call them European odds because they are preferred in most European countries, including Germany. Many bettors like decimal odds because they simplify the calculation of potential returns. The larger the decimal number, the greater the return. For example, odds of 2.20 indicate that you will receive $2.20 for every $1 wagered, including the returned stake.
The second type commonly found at sportsbooks is fractional odds. These odds are primarily used by bettors in the UK and Ireland. With odds of 10/11, the number on the right represents the stake, while the number on the left represents the potential profit. Therefore, odds of 10/11 mean that a $110 wager would generate a $100 profit if it wins.
The final odds format is American odds. Some bettors find this format confusing, but it is widely preferred in the United States. American odds use positive and negative numbers. With odds of -200, bettors must wager $200 to make a $100 profit. Conversely, odds of +200 mean that a $100 wager would generate a $200 profit.
As noted above, German bettors generally prefer decimal odds. Most online sportsbooks allow customers to select their preferred odds format.
Payment Solutions for Sports Bettors from Germany
One option is using Visa or Mastercard credit and debit cards. As these cards are widely used, numerous sportsbooks allow customers to fund their accounts instantly. German bettors may also be able to use Mastercard- or Visa-branded cards for withdrawals, avoiding the inconvenience of using separate methods for deposits and cashouts.
E-wallets are another convenient banking solution for bettors from Germany. Many customers prefer this method because it allows them to deposit funds and withdraw winnings quickly. Sportsbooks frequently accept payments through Skrill, Neteller, and PayPal. Deposits are generally instant, while withdrawals are often faster than those made through other services.
Prepaid cards from Paysafecard and virtual cards from Entropay can also be used by German bettors to make instant deposits at online bookmakers. These methods support secure payments and reduce the need to disclose sensitive financial information.
Many online sportsbooks accept payment options specifically designed for German customers. Through services such as Giropay and Sofort, German bettors can use online banking to make instant deposits directly from their bank accounts. Both services support fast and secure payments.
Bank transfers are also available to German bettors. Although highly secure, this method takes considerably longer to fund a betting account, so it is not as widely preferred.
German bettors can also use cryptocurrencies at some sportsbooks. This payment option may support instant deposits and withdrawals. Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin also provide a secure way to transfer money to a bookmaker. As transactions are generally fast and may carry no additional fees, Bitcoin is accepted at numerous online sportsbooks.
Bonuses and Rewards for German Sports Bettors
Sportsbooks often offer welcome bonuses to new customers, while regular bettors may be eligible for other promotions. Free bets are a common reward offered through both welcome packages and ongoing promotions.
Bettors are usually required to deposit a specified amount and then wager it to qualify for a free bet. In many cases, the free bet is equal to the deposited amount or 50 percent of it.
It is important for bettors to read the terms and conditions attached to sportsbook promotions. To qualify for a free-bet bonus, customers may need to meet specific wagering requirements related to their deposit. They may also need to wager the combined deposit and bonus amount several times at specified minimum odds.
Among the promotions provided by sportsbooks, bettors may have opportunities to wager at enhanced odds. It is worth reviewing the latest offers to identify potentially valuable promotions.
Customer Support at German Sports Betting Sites
Most German-friendly sportsbooks also offer live chat, allowing bettors to resolve issues quickly by speaking with a support agent. An email address is also commonly available for customers who want to contact the support team. If live chat or email is inconvenient, some sportsbooks allow customers to request a callback or contact the site directly by phone. German-friendly betting websites may list international telephone numbers, allowing bettors from Germany to speak with customer support representatives.
Another useful service offered by many betting sites is customer support in German. Assistance in the customer’s native language can provide a smoother online betting experience for German speakers.














